Key references: Methoxyflurane

Babl F, Barnett P, Palmer G, Oakley E, Davidson A. A pilot study of inhaled methoxyflurane for procedural analgesia in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2007;17(2):148–53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17238886
Babl FE, Jamison SR, Spicer M, Bernard S. Inhaled methoxyflurane as a prehospital analgesic in children. Emerg Med Australas 2006;18(4):404–10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16842312
Bendall JC, Simpson PM, Middleton PM. Effectiveness of prehospital morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane in pediatric patients. Prehosp Emerg Care 2011;15(2):158–65. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21294628/
Coffey F, Dissmann P, Mirza K, Lomax M. Methoxyflurane analgesia in adult patients in the emergency department: a subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (STOP!). Adv Ther 2016;33(11):2012–31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567918
Coffey F, Wright J, Hartshorn S, Hunt P, Locker T, Mirza K, et al. STOP!: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane for the treatment of acute pain. Emerg Med J 2014;31(8):613–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24743584
Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Guidelines on sedation and/or analgesia for diagnostic and interventional medical, dental or surgical procedures [PS09]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2014. https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Hartshorn S, Dissmann P, Coffey F, Lomax M. Low-dose methoxyflurane analgesia in adolescent patients with moderate-to-severe trauma pain: a subgroup analysis of the STOP! study. J Pain Res 2019;12:689–700. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30863141
Jephcott C, Grummet J, Nguyen N, Spruyt O. A review of the safety and efficacy of inhaled methoxyflurane as an analgesic for outpatient procedures. Br J Anaesth 2018;120(5):1040–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29661381
Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for analgesia (doctor’s bag listing). NPS RADAR 2010 November. <https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/methoxyflurane-penthrox-for-analgesia-doctors-bag-listing
Nguyen NQ, Toscano L, Lawrence M, Moore J, Holloway RH, Bartholomeusz D, et al. Patient-controlled analgesia with inhaled methoxyflurane versus conventional endoscopist-provided sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78(6):892–901. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810328
Porter KM, Dayan AD, Dickerson S, Middleton PM. The role of inhaled methoxyflurane in acute pain management. Open Access Emerg Med 2018;10:149–64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30410414
Spruyt O, Westerman D, Milner A, Bressel M, Wein S. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety and efficacy of methoxyflurane for procedural pain of a bone marrow biopsy. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2014;4(4):342–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24644183