References: Antibiotic management of COPD

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  • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2025. version 2025. Accessed 22 January 2025. https://goldcopd.org/2025-gold-report/
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  • Janjua S, Mathioudakis AG, Fortescue R, Walker RA, Sharif S, Threapleton CJ, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021;1(1):CD013198. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33448349
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  • Messous S, Trabelsi I, Bel Haj Ali K, Abdelghani A, Ben Daya Y, Razgallah R, et al. Two-day versus seven-day course of levofloxacin in acute COPD exacerbation: a randomized controlled trial. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022;16:17534666221099729. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35657073
  • Miravitlles M, Kruesmann F, Haverstock D, Perroncel R, Choudhri SH, Arvis P. Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir J 2012;39(6):1354-60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034649
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  • Stockley R. Relationship of sputum colour to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000;117(6):1638-45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10858396/
  • van Velzen P, Ter Riet G, Bresser P, Baars JJ, van den Berg BTJ, van den Berg JWK, et al. Doxycycline for outpatient-treated acute exacerbations of COPD: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2017;5(6):492-99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28483402/
  • Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;10:CD010257. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30371937
  • Wedzicha JA, Calverley PMA, Albert RK, Anzueto A, Criner GJ, Hurst JR, et al. Prevention of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline. Eur Respir J 2017;50(3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28889106
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