References: Community-acquired pneumonia in children 2 months or older

  • Addo-Yobo E, Chisaka N, Hassan M, Hibberd P, Lozano JM, Jeena P, et al. Oral amoxicillin versus injectable penicillin for severe pneumonia in children aged 3 to 59 months: a randomised multicentre equivalency study. Lancet 2004;364(9440):1141-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15451221/
  • Arnold SR, Jain S, Dansie D, Kan H, Williams DJ, Ampofo K, et al. Association of Radiology Findings with Etiology of Community Acquired Pneumonia Among Children from the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) Study. J Pediatr 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36736585
  • Atkinson M, Lakhanpaul M, Smyth A, Vyas H, Weston V, Sithole J, et al. Comparison of oral amoxicillin and intravenous benzyl penicillin for community acquired pneumonia in children (PIVOT trial): a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled equivalence trial. Thorax 2007;62(12):1102-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17567657/
  • Benet T, Sanchez Picot V, Messaoudi M, Chou M, Eap T, Wang J, et al. Microorganisms associated with pneumonia in children <5 years of age in developing and emerging countries: The GABRIEL pneumonia multicenter, prospective, case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2017;65(4):604-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28605562/
  • Bielicki JA, Stohr W, Barratt S, Dunn D, Naufal N, Roland D, et al. Effect of Amoxicillin Dose and Treatment Duration on the Need for Antibiotic Re-treatment in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The CAP-IT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021;326(17):1713-24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34726708
  • Biondi E, McCulloh R, Alverson B, Klein A, Dixon A, Ralston S. Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2014;133(6):1081-90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24864174/
  • Gardiner SJ, Gavranich JB, Chang AB. Antibiotics for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(1):CD004875. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25566754/
  • Garin N, Marti C, Skali Lami A, Prendki V. Atypical Pathogens in Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Implications for Empiric Antibiotic Treatment: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2022;10(12). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36557579
  • Geanacopoulos AT, Lipsett SC, Hirsch AW, Monuteaux MC, Neuman MI. Impact of Viral Radiographic Features on Antibiotic Treatment for Pediatric Pneumonia. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022;11(5):207-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35020928
  • Harris M, Clark J, Coote N, Fletcher P, Harnden A, McKean M, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011. Thorax 2011;66 Suppl 2:ii1-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21903691/
  • Hazir T, Fox LM, Nisar YB, Fox MP, Ashraf YP, MacLeod WB, et al. Ambulatory short-course high-dose oral amoxicillin for treatment of severe pneumonia in children: a randomised equivalency trial. Lancet 2008;371(9606):49-56. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18177775/
  • Kohns Vasconcelos M, Meyer Sauteur PM, Keitel K, Santoro R, Egli A, Coslovsky M, et al. Detection of mostly viral pathogens and high proportion of antibiotic treatment initiation in hospitalised children with community-acquired pneumonia in Switzerland - baseline findings from the first two years of the KIDS-STEP trial. Swiss Med Wkly 2023;153:40040. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36800889
  • Kuitunen I, Jaaskelainen J, Korppi M, Renko M. Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Outpatient Children in High-Income Countries-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2023;76(3):e1123-e8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35579504
  • Li Q, Zhou Q, Florez ID, Mathew JL, Shang L, Zhang G, et al. Short-Course vs Long-Course Antibiotic Therapy for Children With Nonsevere Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2022;176(12):1199-207. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36374480
  • Lipshaw MJ, Eckerle M, Florin TA, Crotty EJ, Lipscomb J, Jacobs J, et al. Antibiotic Use and Outcomes in Children in the Emergency Department With Suspected Pneumonia. Pediatrics 2020;145(4). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32179662
  • Marques R, I PC, S AC, L MFS, I FB, Oommen C, et al. Shorter versus longer duration of Amoxicillin-based treatment for pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2022;181(11):3795-804. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36066660
  • McCallum GB, Fong SM, Grimwood K, Nathan AM, Byrnes CA, Ooi MH, et al. Extended Versus Standard Antibiotic Course Duration in Children <5 Years of Age Hospitalized With Community-acquired Pneumonia in High-risk Settings: Four-week Outcomes of a Multicenter, Double-blind, Parallel, Superiority Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022;41(7):549-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35476706
  • McLeod C, Morris PS, Bauert PA, Kilburn CJ, Ward LM, Baird RW, et al. Clinical presentation and medical management of melioidosis in children: a 24-year prospective study in the Northern Territory of Australia and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60(1):21-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25228703/
  • McMullan BJ, Andresen D, Blyth CC, Avent ML, Bowen AC, Britton PN, et al. Antibiotic duration and timing of the switch from intravenous to oral route for bacterial infections in children: systematic review and guidelines. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16(8):e139-52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27321363
  • Oishi T, Saito A, Fukuda Y, Kato A, Kondo E, Teranishi H, et al. Analysis of risk factors for multidrug-resistant pathogens and appropriate treatment indications for pneumonia in children with neurologic impairment. J Infect Chemother 2021;27(2):342-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33402306
  • Pernica JM, Harman S, Kam AJ, Carciumaru R, Vanniyasingam T, Crawford T, et al. Short-Course Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The SAFER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2021;175(5):475-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33683325
  • Same RG, Amoah J, Hsu AJ, Hersh AL, Sklansky DJ, Cosgrove SE, et al. The Association of Antibiotic Duration With Successful Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021;10(3):267-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32525203
  • Shah SN, Monuteaux MC, Neuman MI. Prevalence and predictors of radiographic pneumonia in children with wheeze: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39189186
  • Shapiro DJ, Hall M, Lipsett SC, Hersh AL, Ambroggio L, Shah SS, et al. Short- Versus Prolonged-Duration Antibiotics for Outpatient Pneumonia in Children. J Pediatr 2021;234:205-11 e1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33745996
  • Smyrnaios A, Risnes K, Krokstad S, Nordbo SA, Heimdal I, Christensen A, et al. The Contribution of Viruses and Bacteria to Childhood Community-acquired Pneumonia: 11-Year Observational Study From Norway. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023;42(6):456-60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36795570
  • Williams DJ, Creech CB, Walter EB, Martin JM, Gerber JS, Newland JG, et al. Short- vs Standard-Course Outpatient Antibiotic Therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: The SCOUT-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2022;176(3):253-61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35040920
  • Williams DJ, Edwards KM, Self WH, Zhu Y, Arnold SR, McCullers JA, et al. Effectiveness of beta-lactam monotherapy vs macrolide combination therapy for children hospitalized with pneumonia. JAMA Pediatr 2017;171(12):1184-91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29084336/
  • Zhu Q, Zhou J, Li F, Shi P, Lu Y, Lin X, et al. Nasopharyngeal aspirates in children with severe community-acquired pneumonia collected within 3 days before bronchoscopy can partially reflect the pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. BMC Infect Dis 2022;22(1):814. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36319953