References: Open fractures

  • Bremmer D, Bookstaver B, Cairns M, Lindley K, Durkin M, Koon D, et al. Impact of body mass index and bacterial resistance in osteomyelitis after antibiotic prophylaxis of open lower-extremity fractures. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2017;18(3):368–73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394750
  • Chang Y, Kennedy SA, Bhandari M, Lopes LC, Bergamaschi Cde C, de Oliveira ESM, et al. Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with open fracture of the extremities: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. JBJS Rev 2015;3(6):[PubMed]
  • Dunkel N, Pittet D, Tovmirzaeva L, Suvà D, Bernard L, Lew D, et al. Short duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in open fractures does not enhance risk of subsequent infection. Bone Joint J 2013;95-B(6):831–7.[PubMed]
  • Fatovich DM, Phillips M, Langford SA, Jacobs IG. A comparison of metropolitan vs rural major trauma in Western Australia. Resuscitation 2011;82(7):886–90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21481512
  • Ghoshal A, Enninghorst N, Sisak K, Balogh ZJ. An interobserver reliability comparison between the Orthopaedic Trauma Association’s open fracture classification and the Gustilo and Anderson classification. Bone Joint J 2018;100-B(2):242–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29437068
  • Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976;58(4):453–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/773941
  • Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma 1984;24(8):742–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6471139
  • Hoff WS, Bonadies JA, Cachecho R, Dorlac WC. East Practice Management Guidelines Work Group: update to practice management guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures. J Trauma 2011;70(3):751–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610369
  • Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Andersen RC, Bell RB, Calhoun JH, Cancio LC, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of infections associated with combat-related injuries: 2011 update: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Surgical Infection Society. J Trauma 2011;71(2 Suppl 2):S210–34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21814089
  • Hull PD, Johnson SC, Stephen DJ, Kreder HJ, Jenkinson RJ. Delayed debridement of severe open fractures is associated with a higher rate of deep infection. Bone Joint J 2014;96-B(3):379–84.[PubMed]
  • Isaac SM, Woods A, Danial IN, Mourkus H. Antibiotic prophylaxis in adults with open tibial fractures: What is the evidence for duration of administration? A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2016;55(1):146–50.[PubMed]
  • Kargel JS, Dimas VM, Kao DS, Heggers JP, Chang P, Phillips LG. Empiric antibiotic therapy for seawater injuries: a four-seasonal analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121(4):1249–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18349643
  • Kim PH, Leopold SS. In brief: Gustilo-Anderson classification. [corrected]. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012;470(11):3270–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22569719
  • Lack WD, Karunakar MA, Angerame MR, Seymour RB, Sims S, Kellam JF, et al. Type III open tibia fractures: immediate antibiotic prophylaxis minimizes infection. J Orthop Trauma 2015;29(1):1–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25526095
  • Lloyd BA, Murray CK, Shaikh F, Carson ML, Blyth DM, Schnaubelt ER, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis with combat-related open soft-tissue injuries. Mil Med 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29447384
  • McAuliffe GN, Hennessy J, Baird RW. Relative frequency, characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Chromobacterium violaceum, and Shewanella sp. in the northern territory of Australia, 2000-2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92(3):605–10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25548380
  • Metcalfe D, Aquilina AL, Hedley HM. Prophylactic antibiotics in open distal phalanx fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2016;41(4):423–30.[PubMed]
  • Nanchahal J, Nayagam S, Khan U, Moran C, Barrett S, Sanderson F. Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd; 2009. https://www.bapras.org.uk/professionals/clinical-guidance/open-fractures-of-the-lower-limb
  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) . Fractures (complex): assessment and management [NG37]. London: NICE; 2016, Updated Nov 2017. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng37
  • Prodromidis AD, Charalambous CP. The 6-Hour rule for surgical debridement of open tibial fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of infection and nonunion rates. J Orthop Trauma 2016;30(7):397–402.[PubMed]
  • Srour M, Inaba K, Okoye O, Chan C, Skiada D, Schnüriger B, et al. Prospective evaluation of treatment of open fractures: effect of time to irrigation and debridement. JAMA Surg 2015;150(4):332–6.[PubMed]
  • Whitehouse MR, McDaid C, Kelly MB, Moran CG, Costa ML. The effect of timing of antibiotic delivery on infection rates related to open limb fractures: a systematic review. Emerg Med J 2017;34(9):613–20.[PubMed]
  • Yun HC, Murray CK, Nelson KJ, Bosse MJ. Infection after orthopaedic trauma: Prevention and treatment. J Orthop Trauma 2016;30 Suppl 3:S21–S6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661423
  • Zhu H, Li X, Zheng X. A descriptive study of open fractures contaminated by seawater: Infection, pathogens, and antibiotic resistance. Biomed Res Int 2017;2017:2796054. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28303249/