Introduction to hypocalcaemia

Hypocalcaemia is often asymptomatic, but patients may present with generalised signs of neuromuscular irritability such as tetany (often including positive Chvostek and Trousseau signs).

Hypocalcaemia is diagnosed on the basis of a low serum total calcium concentration corrected for albumin (normal range 2.10 to 2.60 mmol/L). If the albumin concentration is significantly abnormal, serum ionised calcium should be measured directly.

Common causes of hypocalcaemia are listed in Common causes of hypocalcaemia.

Figure 1. Common causes of hypocalcaemia

Severe vitamin D deficiency [NB1]

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism

Parathyroid injury following thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy

Hypoparathyroidism related to congenital disorders (eg DiGeorge syndrome)

Hypomagnesaemia (including in association with malabsorption, alcohol abuse and proton pump inhibitors)

Antiresorptive drugs (bisphosphonates and denosumab)

Autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia

Neonate of a mother with hypercalcaemia

Vitamin D–dependent rickets type 1 or 2 [NB2]

Note:

NB1: Severe vitamin D deficiency in children with nutritional deficiency is the most common cause of hypocalcaemia in children.

NB2: Vitamin D–dependent rickets type 1 is a deficiency of the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Vitamin D–dependent rickets type 2 is a mutation of the vitamin D receptor gene, leading to resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.