Key references: Tests to diagnose diabetes

  • Bell K, Shaw JE, Maple-Brown L, Ferris W, Gray S, Murfet G, et al. A position statement on screening and management of prediabetes in adults in primary care in Australia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020;164:108188. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32360708
  • Coban E, Ozdogan M, Timuragaoglu A. Effect of iron deficiency anemia on the levels of hemoglobin A1c in nondiabetic patients. Acta Haematol 2004;112(3):126–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15345893
  • d'Emden MC, Shaw JE, Colman PG, Colagiuri S, Twigg SM, Jones GR, et al. The role of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in Australia. Med J Aust 2012;197(4):220–1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22900870
  • d'Emden MC, Shaw JE, Jones GR, Cheung NW. Guidance concerning the use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Med J Aust 2015;203(2):89–90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26175248
  • d'Emden MC, Shaw JE, Jones GRD, Cheung NW. Guidance concerning the use of glycated haemoglobin for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus Sydney: Australian Diabetes Society. https://diabetessociety.com.au/position-statements.asp
  • Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Berard LD, Siemens R, Woo V. Monitoring glycemic control. Can J Diabetes 2018;42 Suppl 1:S47–S53. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29650111
  • Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Punthakee Z, Goldenberg R, Katz P. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Can J Diabetes 2018;42 Suppl 1:S10–S5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29650080
  • Freedman BI, Shihabi ZK, Andries L, Cardona CY, Peacock TP, Byers JR, et al. Relationship between assays of glycemia in diabetic subjects with advanced chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2010;31(5):375–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299782
  • Huang Y, Cai X, Mai W, Li M, Hu Y. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;355:i5953. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27881363
  • Liu Y, Xiao X, Sun C, Tian S, Sun Z, Gao Y, et al. Ideal glycated hemoglobin cut-off points for screening diabetes and prediabetes in a Chinese population. J Diabetes Investig 2016;7(5):695–702. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27181567
  • Millar SR, Perry IJ, Phillips CM. HbA1c alone is a poor indicator of cardiometabolic risk in middle-aged subjects with pre-diabetes but is suitable for type 2 diabetes diagnosis: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0134154. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26266799
  • Nakagami T, Takahashi K, Suto C, Oya J, Tanaka Y, Kurita M, et al. Diabetes diagnostic thresholds of the glycated hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose levels considering the 5-year incidence of retinopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017;124:20–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28081449
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management [NG17]. London: NICE; 2015. Accessed Aug 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng17
  • Twigg SM, Kamp MC, Davis TM, Neylon EK, Flack JR, Australian Diabetes S, et al. Prediabetes: a position statement from the Australian Diabetes Society and Australian Diabetes Educators Association. Med J Aust 2007;186(9):461–5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17484708
  • Warren B, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Punjabi NM, Daya NR, Grams M, et al. Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5(1):34–42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863979
  • World Health Organization (WHO) International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. Geneva: WHO; 2006. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/definition-and-diagnosis-of-diabetes-mellitus-and-intermediate-hyperglycaemia