References: Gastro-oesophageal varices

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  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018;69(2):406–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653741
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  • Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Bosch J. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 2017;65(1):310–35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27786365
  • Hernandez-Gea V, Procopet B, Giraldez A, Amitrano L, Villanueva C, Thabut D, et al. Preemptive-TIPS improves outcome in high-risk variceal bleeding: an observational study. Hepatology 2019;69(1):282–93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30014519
  • Jachs M, Hartl L, Simbrunner B, Bauer D, Paternostro R, Balcar L, et al. Carvedilol achieves higher hemodynamic response and lower rebleeding rates than propranolol in secondary prophylaxis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35842118
  • Pharmaco Australia Ltd. Dilatrend [product information]. Sydney: Pharmaco Australia Ltd; Amended January 2018, Accessed December 2019. https://www.tga.gov.au/
  • Seo YS, Park SY, Kim MY, Kim JH, Park JY, Yim HJ, et al. Lack of difference among terlipressin, somatostatin, and octreotide in the control of acute gastroesophageal variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology 2014;60(3):954–63. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24415445
  • Sharma M, Singh S, Desai V, Shah VH, Kamath PS, Murad MH, et al. Comparison of therapies for primary prevention of esophageal variceal bleeding: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hepatology 2019;69(4):1657–75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30125369
  • Stafylidou M, Paschos P, Katsoula A, Malandris K, Ioakim K, Bekiari E, et al. Performance of Baveno VI and Expanded Baveno VI Criteria for Excluding High-Risk Varices in Patients With Chronic Liver Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17(9):1744-55 e11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31077823
  • Symons K, Ermer J, editors. Australian injectable drugs handbook. 8th Melbourne: The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia; 2020.
  • Szakacs Z, Eross B, Soos A, Matrai P, Szabo I, Petervari E, et al. Baveno Criteria safely identify patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease who can avoid variceal screening endoscopy: a diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2019;10:1028. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31481896
  • Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, Patch D, Millson C, Mehrzad H, et al. U.K. guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut 2015;64(11):1680–704. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887380
  • Villanueva C, Albillos A, Genesca J, Garcia-Pagan JC, Calleja JL, Aracil C, et al. Beta blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2019;393(10181):1597–608. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30910320
  • Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepcion M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013;368(1):11–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281973
  • Weersink RA, Bouma M, Burger DM, Drenth JPH, Harkes-Idzinga SF, Hunfeld NGM, et al. Evidence-based recommendations to improve the safe use of drugs in patients with liver cirrhosis. Drug Saf 2018;41(6):603–13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29330714
  • Zacharias AP, Jeyaraj R, Hobolth L, Bendtsen F, Gluud LL, Morgan MY. Carvedilol versus traditional, non-selective beta-blockers for adults with cirrhosis and gastroesophageal varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;10:CD011510. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372514