Key references: Treat status epilepticus

  • Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2001;345(9):631–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11547716
  • Al-Mufti F, Claassen J. Neurocritical care: status epilepticus review. Crit Care Clin 2014;30(4):751–64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25257739
  • Betjemann JP. Current trends in treatment of status epilepticus and refractory status epilepticus. Semin Neurol 2015;35(6):621–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26595862
  • Chamberlain JM, Kapur J, Shinnar S, Elm J, Holsti M, Babcock L, et al. Efficacy of levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, and valproate for established status epilepticus by age group (ESETT): a double-blind, responsive-adaptive, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2020;395(10231):1217-24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32203691
  • Dalziel SR, Borland ML, Furyk J, Bonisch M, Neutze J, Donath S, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children (ConSEPT): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019;393(10186):2135-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31005386
  • Falco-Walter JJ, Bleck T. Treatment of established status epilepticus. J Clin Med 2016;5(5). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27120626
  • Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr 2016;16(1):48–61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26900382
  • Grover EH, Nazzal Y, Hirsch LJ. Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2016;18(3):11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26920416
  • Haller JT, Bonnin S, Radosevich J. Rapid administration of undiluted intravenous levetiracetam. Epilepsia 2021;62(8):1865–70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34164804
  • Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999;40(1):120–2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924914
  • Lyttle MD, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, Messahel S, Humphreys A, Hickey H, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet 2019;393(10186):2125-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31005385
  • Navarro V, Dagron C, Elie C, Lamhaut L, Demeret S, Urien S, et al. Prehospital treatment with levetiracetam plus clonazepam or placebo plus clonazepam in status epilepticus (SAMUKeppra): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 2016;15(1):47–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26627366
  • Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, Al-Roomi K. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(9):CD003723. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25207925
  • Riviello JJ Jr., Claassen J, LaRoche SM, Sperling MR, Alldredge B, Bleck TP, et al. Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts. Neurocrit Care 2013;18(2):193–200. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097138
  • Rossetti AO, Lowenstein DH. Management of refractory status epilepticus in adults: still more questions than answers. Lancet Neurol 2011;10(10):922–30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21939901
  • Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain 2011;134(Pt 10):2802–18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914716
  • Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, Conwit R, Pancioli A, Palesch Y, et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012;366(7):591–600. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335736
  • Treiman DM. Electroclinical features of status epilepticus. J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12(4):343–62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7560022
  • Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, Collins JF, Colling C, Rowan AJ, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339(12):792–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9738086
  • Trinka E, Hofler J, Leitinger M, Rohracher A, Kalss G, Brigo F. Pharmacologic treatment of status epilepticus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016;17(4):513–34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26629986
  • Wheless JW, Clarke D, Hovinga CA, Ellis M, Durmeier M, McGregor A, et al. Rapid infusion of a loading dose of intravenous levetiracetam with minimal dilution: a safety study. J Child Neurol 2009;24(8):946–51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264738
  • Yasiry Z, Shorvon SD. The relative effectiveness of five antiepileptic drugs in treatment of benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: a meta-analysis of published studies. Seizure 2014;23(3):167–74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24433665