Fluoride

Fluoride significantly reduces the incidence of dental caries. Topically applied fluoride promotes enamel remineralisation through the formation of fluoride-containing apatites (eg fluorhydroxyapatite, fluorapatite), which are more resistant to future acid challenge than the carbonated hydroxyapatites of normal tooth enamel.

Fluoride ions have an antimicrobial effect at very high concentrations. Formulations with a low pH (eg acidulated phosphate fluoride) also have some antimicrobial activity.

Fluoride formulations include toothpaste, mouthwash, gel, foam and varnish. The recommended concentration of fluoride toothpaste varies according to age and risk of dental caries (see Fluoride).