Key references: Invasive procedures to manage chronic pain

Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Procedures in pain medicine clinical care standard [PM11]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2019. https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Friedly JL, Comstock BA, Turner JA, Heagerty PJ, Deyo RA, Sullivan SD, et al. A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med 2014;371(1):11–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24988555
Jamison RN. Nonspecific treatment effects in pain medicine. Pain Clin Updates 2011;XIX(2):1–8. https://www.iasp-pain.org/PublicationsNews/NewsletterIssue.aspx?ItemNumber=2079
Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, Gliner BE, Vallejo R, Sitzman BT, et al. Comparison of 10-khz high-frequency and traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: 24-month results from a multicenter, randomized, controlled pivotal trial. Neurosurgery 2016;79(5):667–77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27584814
Kerezoudis P, Rinaldo L, Alvi MA, Hunt CL, Qu W, Maus TP, et al. The effect of epidural steroid injections on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk: a systematic review and critical appraisal of current literature. Pain Med 2018;19(3):569–79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29304236
Manchikanti L, Cash KA, McManus CD, Damron KS, Pampati V, Falco FJ. A randomized, double-blind controlled trial of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in central spinal stenosis: 2-year follow-up. Pain Physician 2015;18(1):79–92. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25675062
Moore DM, McCrory C. Spinal cord stimulation. BJA Educ 2016;16(8):258–63. https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(17)30097-5/fulltext
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management [NG59]. London: NICE; 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng59
Zucco F, Ciampichini R, Lavano A, Costantini A, De Rose M, Poli P, et al. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of spinal cord stimulation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome: Results from the PRECISE study. Neuromodulation 2015;18(4):266–76; discussion 76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879722