Key references: Dosing local anaesthetics for acute pain management
Australian Medicines Handbook (AMH) Pty Ltd. Local anaesthesia. In: Australian medicines handbook. Adelaide: AMH; Last modified January 2020. https://amhonline.amh.net.au
Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Chapter 15: Anaesthesia - Local anaesthesia. In: BNF 77: March - September 2019. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press; 2019. p. 1315–25.
Dragoo JL, Korotkova T, Kim HJ, Jagadish A. Chondrotoxicity of low pH, epinephrine, and preservatives found in local anesthetics containing epinephrine. Am J Sports Med 2010;38(6):1154–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20348285
Jayaram P, Kennedy DJ, Yeh P, Dragoo J. Chondrotoxic effects of local anesthetics on human knee articular cartilage: A systematic review. PM R 2019;11(4):379–400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30676699
Chu CR, Coyle CH, Chu CT, Szczodry M, Seshadri V, Karpie JC, et al. In vivo effects of single intra-articular injection of 0.5% bupivacaine on articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010;92(3):599–608. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194318
Macintyre PE, Schug SA. Acute pain management: a practical guide. 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2014.
