Introduction to dementia

Dementia is a life-limiting, progressive syndrome characterised by cognitive and functional decline. People with dementia experience behavioural change and noncognitive symptoms known as behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, or changed or challenging behaviour of dementia, which can significantly affect them and their significant other(s) and carers.

Dementia has many causes, most of which are neurodegenerative diseases (eg Alzheimer disease)—see Dementia subtypes. Although dementia can occur in people younger than 65 years, increasing age is the most significant risk factor for the commonest forms of dementia; one in 10 Australians aged 65 years or older has dementia.

No definitive measures exist to prevent dementia—although addressing modifiable factors may reduce its risk.

Regardless of the type or severity of dementia, its management involves supporting and collaborating with the patient, and their significant others or carers, to meet their needs and goals.