Key references: Pharmacological management for acute behavioural disturbance

Calver L, Page CB, Downes MA, Chan B, Kinnear F, Wheatley L, et al. The safety and effectiveness of droperidol for sedation of acute behavioral disturbance in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2015;66(3):230-8 e1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25890395
Chan EW, Taylor DM, Knott JC, Kong DC. Variation in the management of hypothetical cases of acute agitation in Australasian emergency departments. Emerg Med Australas 2011;23(1):23–32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091874
Chan EW, Taylor DM, Knott JC, Phillips GA, Castle DJ, Kong DC. Intravenous droperidol or olanzapine as an adjunct to midazolam for the acutely agitated patient: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 2013;61(1):72–81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22981685
Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Guideline for safe care for patients sedated in health care facilities for acute behavioural disturbance. Background paper [PS63BP]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2019. https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Guideline for safe care for patients sedated in health care facilities for acute behavioural disturbance [PS63]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2018 (Reviewed July 2019). https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Foo LK, Duffull SB, Calver L, Schneider J, Isbister GK. Population pharmacokinetics of intramuscular droperidol in acutely agitated patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016;82(6):1550–6. .https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27530285
Garriga M, Pacchiarotti I, Kasper S, Zeller SL, Allen MH, Vazquez G, et al. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: expert consensus. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016;17(2):86–128. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912127
Isbister GK, Calver LA, Downes MA, Page CB. Ketamine as rescue treatment for difficult-to-sedate severe acute behavioral disturbance in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2016;67(5):581-7 e1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26899459
Isbister GK, Calver LA, Page CB, Stokes B, Bryant JL, Downes MA. Randomized controlled trial of intramuscular droperidol versus midazolam for violence and acute behavioral disturbance: the DORM study. Ann Emerg Med 2010;56(4):392-401 e1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868907
Knott JC, Taylor DM, Castle DJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing intravenous midazolam and droperidol for sedation of the acutely agitated patient in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47(1):61–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387219
Mankowitz SL, Regenberg P, Kaldan J, Cole JB. Ketamine for rapid sedation of agitated patients in the prehospital and emergency department settings: a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. J Emerg Med 2018;55(5):670–81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30197153
NSW Health. Management of patients with acute severe behavioural disturbance in emergency departments [GL2015_007]. Sydney: NSW Government; 2015. https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/Pages/pdslanding.aspx
Page CB, Parker LE, Rashford SJ, Bosley E, Isoardi KZ, Williamson FE, et al. A prospective before and after study of droperidol for prehospital acute behavioral disturbance. Prehosp Emerg Care 2018;22(6):713–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29558224
Page CB, Parker LE, Rashford SJ, Kulawickrama S, Isoardi KZ, Isbister GK. Prospective study of the safety and effectiveness of droperidol in elderly patients for pre-hospital acute behavioural disturbance. Emerg Med Australas 2020;32(5):731–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32216048
Queensland Health. Acute behavioural disturbance management (including acute sedation) in Queensland Health authorised mental health services (adults): Queensland Health guideline [QH-GDL-452:2017]. Brisbane: Queensland Health; 2017. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/qhpolicy
Queensland Health. Management of patients with acute severe behavioural disturbance in emergency departments: Queensland Health guideline [QH-GDL-438:2016]. Brisbane: Queensland Health; 2016. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/qhpolicy
Safer Care Victoria. Caring for people displaying acute behavioural disturbance: clinical guidance to improve care in emergency settings. Melbourne: Victorian Government; April 2020. https://www.bettersafercare.vic.gov.au/clinical-guidance/emergency/acute-behavioural-disturbance
Taylor DM, Yap CYL, Knott JC, Taylor SE, Phillips GA, Karro J, et al. Midazolam-droperidol, droperidol, or olanzapine for acute agitation: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 2017;69(3):318-26 e1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27745766
WA Department of Health. Management of acute behavioural disturbance in COVID-19. Perth: Government of Western Australia; 2020. https://www.chiefpsychiatrist.wa.gov.au/management-of-acute-behavioural-disturbance-in-covid-19/
Zaman H, Sampson SJ, Beck AL, Sharma T, Clay FJ, Spyridi S, et al. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;12:CD003079. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29219171