Overview of giant cell arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) (formerly known as temporal arteritis or cranial arteritis) is the most common primary systemic vasculitis. Typically it affects the cranial arteries, including the ophthalmic artery. It can also affect other large blood vessels, including the aorta and its major branches. Giant cell arteritis occurs almost exclusively in people older than 50 years, and more commonly in females than males. Its incidence increases with age and peaks in people aged 70 to 79 years.

The diagnosis of giant cell arteritis is not simple and a high index of suspicion is required. The consequences of missing the diagnosis or delaying treatment can lead to rapid and significant complications (eg stroke, visual loss). A pretest probability score such as the Southend GCA Probability Score1 may assist stratification of patients based on their clinical featuresLaskou, 2019.

Note: If giant cell arteritis is suspected, discuss urgently with a specialist to determine if immediate treatment is required.

If giant cell arteritis is suspected, discuss urgently with a specialist to determine if immediate treatment is required. Rheumatologists strongly encourage direct contact by general practitioners to expedite referral or obtain advice on treatment (eg before starting oral corticosteroids).

1 The GCA Probability Score is a tool used for risk stratification of patients with suspected giant cell arteritis (GCA). While promising, further refinement and external validation is requiredLaskou, 2019 .Return