Key references: Paracetamol poisoning: immediate-release preparations

  • Buckley NA, Whyte IM, O’Connell DL, Dawson AH. Activated charcoal reduces the need for N-acetylcysteine treatment after acetaminophen (paracetamol) overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37(6):753–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10584587
  • Buckley NA, Whyte IM, O’Connell DL, Dawson AH. Oral or intravenous N-acetylcysteine: which is the treatment of choice for acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37(6):759–67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10584588
  • Cairney DG, Beckwith HK, Al-Hourani K, Eddleston M, Bateman DN, Dear JW. Plasma paracetamol concentration at hospital presentation has a dose-dependent relationship with liver injury despite prompt treatment with intravenous acetylcysteine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016;54(5):405–10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27108714
  • Chiew AL, Fountain JS, Graudins A, Isbister GK, Reith D, Buckley NA. Summary statement: new guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust 2015;203(5):215–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852051
  • Chiew AL, Isbister GK, Kirby KA, Page CB, Chan BSH, Buckley NA. Massive paracetamol overdose: an observational study of the effect of activated charcoal and increased acetylcysteine dose (ATOM-2). Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017;55(10):1055–65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28644687
  • Chiew AL, Reith D, Pomerleau A, Wong A, Isoardi KZ, Soderstrom J, et al. Updated guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31786822
  • Gray T, Hoffman RS, Bateman DN. Intravenous paracetamol: an international perspective of toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49(3):150–2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21443426
  • Green JL, Heard KJ, Reynolds KM, Albert D. Oral and intravenous acetylcysteine for treatment of acetaminophen toxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. West J Emerg Med 2013;14(3):218–26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23687539
  • Isbister GK, Downes MA, McNamara K, Berling I, Whyte IM, Page CB. A prospective observational study of a novel 2-phase infusion protocol for the administration of acetylcysteine in paracetamol poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016;54(2):120–6 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691690
  • Marks DJB, Dargan PI, Archer JRH, Davies CL, Dines AM, Wood DM, et al. Outcomes from massive paracetamol overdose: a retrospective observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017;83(6):1263–72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28002875
  • McNulty R, Lim JME, Chandru P, Gunja N. Fewer adverse effects with a modified two-bag acetylcysteine protocol in paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018;56(7):618–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29219630
  • Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, Stewart MJ, Adam RD, Proudfoot AT. Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 1979;2(6198):1097–100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/519312
  • Prescott LF, Park J, Ballantyne A, Adriaenssens P, Proudfoot AT. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1977;2(8035):432–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/70646
  • Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002;40(1):3–20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11990202
  • Schmidt LE, Rasmussen DN, Petersen TS, Macias-Perez IM, Pavliv L, Kaelin B, et al. Fewer adverse effects associated with a modified two-bag intravenous acetylcysteine protocol compared to traditional three-bag regimen in paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018:1–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792347
  • Wong A, Graudins A. Simplification of the standard three-bag intravenous acetylcysteine regimen for paracetamol poisoning results in a lower incidence of adverse drug reactions. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016;54(2):115–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594846