Key references: Paracetamol poisoning: modified-release preparations

  • Chiew AL, Fountain JS, Graudins A, Isbister GK, Reith D, Buckley NA. Summary statement: new guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust 2015;203(5):215–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26852051
  • Chiew AL, Isbister GK, Page CB, Kirby KA, Chan BSH, Buckley NA. Modified release paracetamol overdose: a prospective observational study (ATOM-3). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018:1–10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29451045
  • Chiew AL, Reith D, Pomerleau A, Wong A, Isoardi KZ, Soderstrom J, et al. Updated guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31786822
  • Duncan R, Cantlay G, Paterson B. New recommendation for N-acetylcystiene dosing may reduce incidence of adverse effects. Emerg Med J 2006;23(7):584. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794118
  • Graudins A. Overdose with modified-release paracetamol (Panadol Osteo(R)) presenting to a metropolitan emergency medicine network: a case series. Emerg Med Australas 2014;26(4):398–402. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24934700
  • Graudins A, Chiew A, Chan B. Overdose with modified-release paracetamol results in delayed and prolonged absorption of paracetamol. Intern Med J 2010;40(1):72–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20561368
  • Isbister GK, Downes MA, McNamara K, Berling I, Whyte IM, Page CB. A prospective observational study of a novel 2-phase infusion protocol for the administration of acetylcysteine in paracetamol poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016;54(2):120–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26691690
  • McNulty R, Lim JME, Chandru P, Gunja N. Fewer adverse effects with a modified two-bag acetylcysteine protocol in paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018;56(7):618–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29219630
  • Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, Stewart MJ, Adam RD, Proudfoot AT. Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 1979;2(6198):1097–100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/519312
  • Prescott LF, Park J, Ballantyne A, Adriaenssens P, Proudfoot AT. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 1977;2(8035):432–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/70646
  • Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002;40(1):3–20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11990202
  • Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics 1975;55(6):871–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1134886
  • Salmonson H, Sjöberg G, Brogren J. The standard treatment protocol for paracetamol poisoning may be inadequate following overdose with modified release formulation: a pharmacokinetic and clinical analysis of 53 cases. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018;56(1):63–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28644049
  • Schmidt LE, Rasmussen DN, Petersen TS, Macias-Perez IM, Pavliv L, Kaelin B, et al. Fewer adverse effects associated with a modified two-bag intravenous acetylcysteine protocol compared to traditional three-bag regimen in paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018:1–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29792347
  • Tan C, Graudins A. Comparative pharmacokinetics of Panadol Extend and immediate-release paracetamol in a simulated overdose model. Emerg Med Australas 2006;18(4):398–403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16842311
  • Wong A, Graudins A. Simplification of the standard three-bag intravenous acetylcysteine regimen for paracetamol poisoning results in a lower incidence of adverse drug reactions. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016;54(2):115–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594846