Key references: Beta-blocker poisoning

  • Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation. Cardiorespiratory arrest flowcharts. East Melbourne: Australian Resuscitation Council; 2016. https://resus.org.au/guidelines/flowcharts-3/
  • Bouchard J, Shepherd G, Hoffman RS, Gosselin S, Roberts DM, Li Y, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for poisoning to beta-adrenergic antagonists: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Crit Care 2021;25(1):201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34112223
  • DeWitt CR, Waksman JC. Pharmacology, pathophysiology and management of calcium channel blocker and beta blocker toxicity. Toxicol Rev 2004;23(4):223–38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898828
  • Engebretsen KM, Kaczmarek KM, Morgan J, Holger JS. High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49(4):277–83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563902
  • Graudins A, Lee HM, Druda D. Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016;81(3):453–61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344579
  • Love JN, Howell JM, Newsome JT, Skibbie DF, Dickerson LW, Henderson KJ. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on propranolol-induced cardiovascular toxicity in a canine model. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000;38(4):421–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930059
  • Neonatal Medicines Formulary Consensus Group. Isoprenaline (isoproterenol) infusion. Sydney: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; 2016. https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/rpa/
  • Page CB, Ryan NM, Isbister GK. The safety of high-dose insulin euglycaemia therapy in toxin-induced cardiac toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018;56(6):389–96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069937
  • Reith DM, Dawson AH, Epid D, Whyte IM, Buckley NA, Sayer GP. Relative toxicity of beta blockers in overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996;34(3):273–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8667464
  • Wax PM, Erdman AR, Chyka PA, Keyes DC, Caravati EM, Booze L, et al. Beta-blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2005;43(3):131–46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15906457