Key references: Calcium channel blocker poisoning: verapamil and diltiazem
Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation. Cardiorespiratory arrest flowcharts. East Melbourne: Australian Resuscitation Council; 2016. https://resus.org.au/guidelines/flowcharts-3/
Chan BS, Chiew AL, Page Cb Isbister GK, Buckley NA. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker toxicity and the renin angiotensin axis [abstract 198]. In: 37th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) Basel, Switzerland Clin Toxicol (Phila);2017 2017, ;55(5):459. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28403678
DeWitt CR, Waksman JC. Pharmacology, pathophysiology and management of calcium channel blocker and beta blocker toxicity. Toxicol Rev 2004;23(4):223–38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898828
Engebretsen KM, Kaczmarek KM, Morgan J, Holger JS. High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49(4):277–83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563902
Graudins A, Lee HM, Druda D. Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016;81(3):453–61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26344579
Page CB, Ryan NM, Isbister GK. The safety of high-dose insulin euglycaemia therapy in toxin-induced cardiac toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018;56(6):389–96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29069937