Key references: Rationale for endocarditis prophylaxis

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  • Cahill TJ, Harrison JL, Jewell P, Onakpoya I, Chambers JB, Dayer M, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2017;103(12):937–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213367
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  • Dayer MJ, Jones S, Prendergast B, Baddour LM, Lockhart PB, Thornhill MH. Incidence of infective endocarditis in England, 2000-13: a secular trend, interrupted time-series analysis. Lancet 2015;385(9974):1219–28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467569
  • DeSimone DC, Tleyjeh IM, Correa de Sa DD, Anavekar NS, Lahr BD, Sohail MR, et al. Incidence of infective endocarditis due to viridans group streptococci before and after the 2007 American Heart Association's prevention guidelines: an extended evaluation of the Olmsted County, Minnesota, population and Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90(7):874–81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26141329
  • Duval X, Millot S, Chirouze C, Selton-Suty C, Moby V, Tattevin P, et al. Oral streptococcal endocarditis, oral hygiene habits, and recent dental procedures: A case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64(12):1678–85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28369398
  • Glenny AM, Oliver R, Roberts GJ, Hooper L, Worthington HV. Antibiotics for the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis in dentistry. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(10):CD003813. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108511
  • Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 2015;36(44):3075–128. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26320109
  • Keller K, Bardeleben RS, Ostad MA, Hobohm L, Munzel T, Konstantinides S, et al. Temporal trends in the prevalence of infective endocarditis in Germany between 2005 and 2014. Am J Cardiol 2017;119(2):317–22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27816113
  • Khan O, Shafi AM, Timmis A. International guideline changes and the incidence of infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Open Heart 2016;3(2):e000498. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27621836
  • Lockhart PB, Brennan MT, Thornhill M, Michalowicz BS, Noll J, Bahrani-Mougeot FK, et al. Poor oral hygiene as a risk factor for infective endocarditis-related bacteremia. J Am Dent Assoc 2009;140(10):1238–44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797553
  • Mackie AS, Liu W, Savu A, Marelli AJ, Kaul P. Infective endocarditis hospitalizations before and after the 2007 American Heart Association prophylaxis guidelines. Can J Cardiol 2016;32(8):942–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26868840
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Prophylaxis against infective endocarditis: antimicrobial prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in adults and children undergoing interventional procedures [CG64]. London: NICE; 2008 [updated July 2016]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG64
  • Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Fleisher LA, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70(2):252–89. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315732
  • Pant S, Patel NJ, Deshmukh A, Golwala H, Patel N, Badheka A, et al. Trends in infective endocarditis incidence, microbiology, and valve replacement in the United States from 2000 to 2011. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65(19):2070–6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975469
  • Sakai Bizmark R, Chang RR, Tsugawa Y, Zangwill KM, Kawachi I. Impact of AHA's 2007 guideline change on incidence of infective endocarditis in infants and children. Am Heart J 2017;189:110–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28625367
  • Tomas I, Diz P, Tobias A, Scully C, Donos N. Periodontal health status and bacteraemia from daily oral activities: systematic review/meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39(3):213–28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22092606
  • Toyoda N, Chikwe J, Itagaki S, Gelijns AC, Adams DH, Egorova NN. Trends in infective endocarditis in California and New York State, 1998-2013. JAMA 2017;317(16):1652–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444279
  • Brink FS, Swaans MJ, Hoogendijk MG, Alipour A, Kelder JC, Jaarsma W, et al. Increased incidence of infective endocarditis after the 2009 European Society of Cardiology guideline update: a nationwide study in the Netherlands. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2017;3(2):141–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28927175
  • Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007;116(15):1736–54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17446442