References: Streptococcus pyogenes bloodstream infections, including toxic shock syndrome

  • Defining the group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition. The Working Group on Severe Streptococcal Infections. JAMA 1993;269(3):390-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8418347
  • Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). AURA 2023: Fifth Australian report on antimicrobial use and resistance in human health. Sydney: Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC),; 2023. Updated 16 Nov 2023. Accessed 16 Nov 2023. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/antimicrobial-resistance/antimicrobial-use-and-resistance-australia-aura/aura-2023-fifth-australian-report-antimicrobial-use-and-resistance-human-health
  • Balance Investigators, for the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group the Association of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Disease Canada Clinical Research Network, the Australian New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, the Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Network, Daneman N, et al. Antibiotic Treatment for 7 versus 14 Days in Patients with Bloodstream Infections. N Engl J Med 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39565030
  • Bruun T, Rath E, Madsen MB, Oppegaard O, Nekludov M, Arnell P, et al. Risk Factors and Predictors of Mortality in Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft-tissue Infections: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021;72(2):293-300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31923305
  • Carapetis JR, Jacoby P, Carville K, Ang SJ, Curtis N, Andrews R. Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(3):358-65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24785239
  • Kadri SS, Swihart BJ, Bonne SL, Hohmann SF, Hennessy LV, Louras P, et al. Impact of Intravenous Immunoglobulin on Survival in Necrotizing Fasciitis With Vasopressor-Dependent Shock: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis From 130 US Hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64(7):877-85. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28034881
  • Linner A, Darenberg J, Sjolin J, Henriques-Normark B, Norrby-Teglund A. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis 2014;59(6):851-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928291