Introduction to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a diagnostic term describing the heterogeneous physical and neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the fetus (see Clinical characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder). Clinically, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder constitutes an acquired brain injury that results in lifelong developmental disability, as well as other variable organ effects.

The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has a direct correlation with the rates of drinking in pregnancy in any given community. Rates of drinking in pregnancy in Australia are among the highest in the world. More than half of all pregnancies have some degree of alcohol exposure, the majority prior to pregnancy awareness, including 18% binge drinking exposure.

There is no national prevalence data for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the general Australian population. Overseas data suggests prevalence rates of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are similar if not higher than for Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and spina bifida. The worldwide prevalence rate of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in the general population is approximately 0.8%, with higher rates in specific at-risk populations (eg children in care).

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has a major impact on individuals, caregivers and families, as well as widespread public health implications and societal costs. Prevention of prenatal alcohol exposure should be a priority.