Key references: Severe, acute nociceptive pain

Friedrichsdorf SJ, Goubert L. Pediatric pain treatment and prevention for hospitalized children. Pain Rep 2020;5(1):e804. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32072099
Hansen MS, Dahl JB. Limited evidence for intranasal fentanyl in the emergency department and the prehospital setting--a systematic review. Dan Med J 2013;60(1):A4563. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23340187
Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA. Age is the best predictor of postoperative morphine requirements. Pain 1996;64(2):357–64. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8740614
Murphy A, O’Sullivan R, Wakai A, Grant TS, Barrett MJ, Cronin J Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(10):CD009942. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25300594