Key references: Opioid-induced ventilatory impairment

Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Statement on principles for identifying and preventing opioid-induced ventilatory impairment (OIVI). Melbourne: ANZCA; Accessed https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, et al. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2015;122(3):659–65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25536092
Macintyre PE, Loadsman JA, Scott DA. Opioids, ventilation and acute pain management. Anaesth Intensive Care 2011;39(4):545–58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21823370
Macintyre PE, Schug SA. Acute pain management: a practical guide. 4th Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2014.
Overdyk F, Dahan A, Roozekrans M, van der Schrier R, Aarts L, Niesters M. Opioid-induced respiratory depression in the acute care setting: a compendium of case reports. Pain Manag 2014;4(4):317–25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25300390
Schug SA, Palmer GM, Scott DA, Halliwell R, Trinca J, APM:SE Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine, editors. Acute pain management: scientific evidence. 4th Melbourne: Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists and Faculty of Pain Medicine; 2015. https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/advocacy/college-publications