Key references: Approach to managing acute behavioural disturbance

Amore M, Menchetti M, Tonti C, Scarlatti F, Lundgren E, Esposito W, et al. Predictors of violent behavior among acute psychiatric patients: clinical study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;62(3):247–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588583
Calver LA, Stokes B, Isbister GK. Sedation assessment tool to score acute behavioural disturbance in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 2011;23(6):732–40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22151672
Chalasani P, Healy D, Morriss R. Presentation and frequency of catatonia in new admissions to two acute psychiatric admission units in India and Wales. Psychol Med 2005;35(11):1667–75. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16219124
Cornaggia CM, Beghi M, Pavone F, Barale F. Aggression in psychiatry wards: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2011;189(1):10–20.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21236497
Dassanayake TL, Jones AL, Michie PT, Carter GL, McElduff P, Stokes BJ, et al. Risk of road traffic accidents in patients discharged following treatment for psychotropic drug overdose: a self-controlled case series study in Australia. BNS Drugs 2012;26(3):269–76. .https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22329565
Dassanayake TL, Michie PT, Jones AL, Mallard T, Whyte IM, Carter GL. Cognitive skills underlying driving in patients discharged following self-poisoning with central nervous system depressant drugs. Traffic Inj Prev 2012;13(5):450–7. .https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22931174
Downes MA, Healy P, Page CB, Bryant JL, Isbister GK. Structured team approach to the agitated patient in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas 2009;21(3):196–202. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527279
Evans D, Wood J, Lambert L. Patient injury and physical restraint devices: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2003;41(3):274–82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12581115
Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Guideline for safe care for patients sedated in health care facilities for acute behavioural disturbance. Background paper [PS63BP]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2019. https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Guideline for safe care for patients sedated in health care facilities for acute behavioural disturbance [PS63]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2018 (Reviewed July 2019). https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Faculty of Pain Medicine, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA). Guidelines on sedation and/or analgesia for diagnostic and interventional medical, dental or surgical procedures [PS09]. Melbourne: ANZCA; 2014. https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines
Gates DM, Ross CS, McQueen L. Violence against emergency department workers. J Emerg Med 2006;31(3):331–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16982376
Ghosh M, Twigg D, Kutzer Y, Towell-Barnard A, De Jong G, Dodds M. The validity and utility of violence risk assessment tools to predict patient violence in acute care settings: an integrative literature review. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2019;28(6):1248–67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31454144
Kim SC, Ideker K, Todicheeney-Mannes D. Usefulness of Aggressive Behaviour Risk Assessment Tool for prospectively identifying violent patients in medical and surgical units. J Adv Nurs 2012;68(2):349–57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21707723
NSW Health. Management of patients with acute severe behavioural disturbance in emergency departments [GL2015_007]. Sydney: NSW Government; 2015. https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/Pages/pdslanding.aspx
Partridge B, Affleck J. Predicting aggressive patient behaviour in a hospital emergency department: an empirical study of security officers using the Broset Violence Checklist. Australas Emerg Care 2018;21(1):31–5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30998863
Patel MX, Sethi FN, Barnes TR, Dix R, Dratcu L, Fox B, et al. Joint BAP NAPICU evidence-based consensus guidelines for the clinical management of acute disturbance: de-escalation and rapid tranquillisation. J Psychopharmacol 2018;32(6):601–40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29882463
Perth Children’s Hospital. Behavioural problems [emergency department guideline]. Perth: Government of Western Australia Child and Adolescent Health Service; Updated June 2020 (Accessed https://pch.health.wa.gov.au/For-health-professionals/Emergency-Department-Guidelines/Behavioural-problems
Queensland Health . Acute behavioural disturbance management (including acute sedation) in Queensland Health authorised mental health services (adults): Queensland Health guideline [QH-GDL-452:2017]. Brisbane: Queensland Health; 2017. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/qhpolicy
Queensland Health. Management of patients with acute severe behavioural disturbance in emergency departments: Queensland Health guideline [QH-GDL-438:2016]. Brisbane: Queensland Health; 2016. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/qhpolicy
Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (RCH). Acute behavioural disturbance: acute management [clinical practice guideline]. Melbourne, Victoria: RCH; Last updated September 2020. https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Acute_behavioural_disturbance__Acute_management/
Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (RCH). Acute behavioural disturbance: code response [clinical practice guideline]. Melbourne, Victoria: RCH; Last updated September 2020. https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/acute_behavioural_disturbance_code_grey/
Safer Care Victoria. Caring for people displaying acute behavioural disturbance: clinical guidance to improve care in emergency settings. Melbourne: Victorian Government; April 2020. https://www.bettersafercare.vic.gov.au/clinical-guidance/emergency/acute-behavioural-disturbance
Taylor JL, Rew L. A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department. J Clin Nurs 2011;20(7-8):1072–85.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20846214
The Department of Health. Mental health triage tool. Canberra: Australian Government; 2013. https://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/triageqrg~triageqrg-mh
WA Department of Health. Management of acute behavioural disturbance in COVID-19. Perth: Government of Western Australia; 2020. https://www.chiefpsychiatrist.wa.gov.au/management-of-acute-behavioural-disturbance-in-covid-19/