Cardiac manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome
Valvular heart disease (typically valve masses, occasionally complicated by significant regurgitation) is the most common cardiac manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome, with a reported prevalence of 12 to 30%Cervera, 2002Zuily, 2013. Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome should be screened annually with regular cardiac auscultation for new murmurs. Consider an echocardiogram if a new cardiac murmur is heard. Valvular lesions and consequences (eg regurgitation) should be monitored by a cardiologist.