Key references: Managing complications of intrauterine contraceptive devices

Backman T, Rauramo I, Huhtala S, Koskenvuo M. Pregnancy during the use of levonorgestrel intrauterine system. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190(1):50-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749634
Heinemann K, Reed S, Moehner S, Minh TD. Comparative contraceptive effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices: the European Active Surveillance Study for Intrauterine Devices. Contraception 2015;91(4):280–3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25601350
Rowlands S, Oloto E, Horwell DH. Intrauterine devices and risk of uterine perforation: current perspectives. Open Access J Contracept 2016;7:19–32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386934
The Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Clinical guidance: Intrauterine contraception. London: FSRH; 2015 (Amended 2019). https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceuguidanceintrauterinecontraception/
Westhoff C. IUDs and colonization or infection with Actinomyces. Contraception 2007;75(6 Suppl):S48–50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17531616