Key references: Managing adverse effects of intrauterine contraceptive devices

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Skovlund CW, Morch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard O. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73(11):1154–62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27680324
Suvisaari J, Lahteenmaki P. Detailed analysis of menstrual bleeding patterns after postmenstrual and postabortal insertion of a copper IUD or a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 1996;54(4):201–8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8922872
Teal SB, Turok DK, Chen BA, Kimble T, Olariu AI, Creinin MD. Five-year contraceptive efficacy and safety of a levonorgestrel 52-mg intrauterine system. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133(1):63–70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30531565
The Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Clinical guidance: Intrauterine contraception. London: FSRH; 2015 (Amended 2019). https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/documents/ceuguidanceintrauterinecontraception/
Westhoff C. IUDs and colonization or infection with Actinomyces. Contraception 2007;75(6 Suppl):S48–50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17531616