Key references: Managing adverse effects of combined hormonal contraception

Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Carayon F, Schulz KF, Helmerhorst FM. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(1):CD003987. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24477630
Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, Fielding S, Hannaford PC. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216(6):580 e1- e9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188769
Khalili H, Higuchi LM, Ananthakrishnan AN, Richter JM, Feskanich D, Fuchs CS, et al. Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2013;62(8):1153–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22619368
Milsom I, Lete I, Bjertnaes A, Rokstad K, Lindh I, Gruber CJ, et al. Effects on cycle control and bodyweight of the combined contraceptive ring, NuvaRing, versus an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. Hum Reprod 2006;21(9):2304–11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763008
Morch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard O. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2017;377(23):2228–39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29211679
Oddsson K, Leifels-Fischer B, Wiel-Masson D, de Melo NR, Benedetto C, Verhoeven CH, et al. Superior cycle control with a contraceptive vaginal ring compared with an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol and 150 microg levonorgestrel: a randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2005;20(2):557–62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539438
Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(8):CD011054. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26310586
Schaffir J, Worly BL, Gur TL. Combined hormonal contraception and its effects on mood: a critical review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2016;21(5):347–55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27636867
Skovlund CW, Morch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard O. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73(11):1154–62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27680324
The Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) Clinical Effectiveness Unit. Problematic bleeding with hormonal contraception. London: FSRH; 2015. https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/fsrh-guidelines-and-statements/management-of-srh-issues/problematic-bleeding/
The Faculty of Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH). UK medical eligibility criteria (UKMEC) for contraceptive use. London: FSRH; 2016 (Amended 2019). https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/uk-medical-eligibility-criteria-for-contraceptive-use-ukmec/
Weill A, Dalichampt M, Raguideau F, Ricordeau P, Blotiere PO, Rudant J, et al. Low dose oestrogen combined oral contraception and risk of pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction in five million French women: cohort study. BMJ 2016;353:i2002. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164970