Seizure control

Theophylline and caffeine block adenosine receptors in the CNS, causing cerebral vasoconstriction and hypoxia, which results in seizures. The subsequent increased metabolic demand during seizures compounds cerebral hypoxia and increases the risk of brain injury. Seizures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and may be refractory.

If seizures occur, rapid control is essential. Use intravenous benzodiazepines initially, but intravenous barbiturates may be required.